How Serious Is Forest Depletion In Pakistan Environmental Sciences Essay

Pakistan has around 4.2 million hour point secured by woods, which is commensurate to 4.8 per centum of the whole land nation ( Government of Pakistan 2003 ) , which is truly low when contrasted and 30 for each centum for the universe ( FAO 2001 ) . Whole woods nation of various states and locale of Pakistan viz. Sindh, Baluchistan, Punjab, North West Frontier Province ( NWFP ) , Azad Kashmir and Northern nations is 0.92, 0.33, 0.69, 1.21, 0.42, and 0.66 million hour point severally ( Government of Pakistan 2003 ) . This shows the vast majority of the timberland appropriation is in northern bit of the state ( 40 for each centum of state ‘s whole woods are in NWFP, 15.7 per centum in Northern Areas and 6.5 per centum in Azad Kashmir ) . There is an extraordinary grouping of animal categories as a result of the state ‘s incredible physiographic and climatic complexities. The forested areas of the state are of grouped kinds, for example, ( a ) litoral and bog woods, ( B ) tr opical dry deciduous woods, ( degree Celsius ) tropical thistle woods, ( nutrient D ) sub-tropical broadleaf evergreen woods, ( nutrient E ) sub-tropical pine woods, ( degree Fahrenheit ) Himalayan wet calm woods, ( g ) Himalayan dry mild woods, ( H ) sub-snow capped woods and ( I ) high chaparral. The prevailing species are of cone-bearing sort ( Ahmed and Mahmood, 1998 ; Qazi 1994 ; Poffenberger 2000 ; Suleri 2002 ) . Timberland consumption is one of the most genuine natural issues for Pakistan. Blending to an estimation 39 thousand hectares of woods are vanishing yearly. Between the mature ages 1990 and 2000, the deforestation rate in Pakistan was 1.5 % yearly ( FAO, 2005 ) . Fitting to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some South and Southeast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at rates rising above 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the most noteworthy paces of woods misfortune known to mankind. Inside South Asia, the pace of woods exhaustion is most elevated in Pakistan, notwithstanding serious help from universal supplier departments and army planetary and neighborhood ventures for backwoods conservation, strategy arrangement, and improved organization. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) . Lumber is a loved exchange great Pakistan, with fiscal qualities directly double the universe standard, a guide of the two shortfalls in local flexibly and import duties. Along these lines, the two wagers and overall gains are high. Regardless of grouped advances and strategy proposals to limit the negative impact of ground-breaking nearby elites, they keep on being dynamic members in logging and other business exercises. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) The backwoods contracting in Pakistan is non just only due to the immediate causes yet next to intervention of different specialists segments for the place that is known for timberland segment for their plans ; for new housing techniques and distribution of the land to the laborers, for course and railroad and other advancement endeavors in the state since the commencement. The timberland segments keep up an antique ranger service rule law and removal, which presents numerous escape clauses which can be abused by persuasive people †the â€Å" stumble Mafia † †who are denying lumber from the couple of remaining characteristic woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) Lawmakers, contractual workers and authoritative authorities will in general compose casual networks that give them unsusceptibility from woods Torahs and a free manus to set about backwoods tasks at their ain attentiveness. To fan the fire, some corrupt components of the Forest Department have encouraged temporary workers for hard money instigations â€, for example, settlements to the neighborhood FD staff for each three-dimensional pes of wood ( Rashid, 1993 ) . The political financial arrangement of the ranger service segment has other than gotten truly clear. In the progressive system of impact, government officials and the â€Å" blunder Mafia † conspire to infer dish to rewarding agreements and awards and consequently apply the most effect on wood strategy and judgments ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) . The general nonappearance of political will has energized the sprinters and Mafia to spread out their criminal operations in the timber exchange. ( Rashid, S. 1993 ) This study plans to focus going to on this of import factor behind woods screen contracting in Pakistan for example , the capacity of territory areas and wood Mafia.LITERATURE REVIEWPakistan is a state with low woodland screen ; there are simply 0.03 hour point of backwoods per capita contrasted with the universe standard of one hour edge. With the populace turning at 2.6 per centum yearly, the timberland nation per capita is compounding. The nation of open woods can no n be extended and trees developed on private land loan well to the state ‘s wood creation ; this will increment in the great beyond. During 2000/01, Pakistan imported mush and paper stocks meriting Rs.7 646 million and depleted Rs.915 million on wood and timber imports. Pakistan yearly fares athleticss and furniture products meriting Rs.2 to 3 billion. ( National Forest Policy Review ) Blending to insights gave in 2006 by the Ministry of Finance and Economic Affairs, woods spread about 4.22 million hectares in Pakistan, just 4.8 per centum of the whole land nation. Be that as it may, there is impressive dispute over the exact backwoods nation in Pakistan, as various national and worldwide departments have distributed insights dependent on various meanings of what involves a wood. Zones assigned as â€Å" woodland nations † are just terrains under the authoritative control of the commonplace wood segment. Along these lines, formally assigned woods might be without trees while impressive tree screen might be found in nations Other than the assigned woods. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) After divider of the Indian sub-landmass in 1947 the new area of Pakistan was left with an extremely minimal woods endowment of around 7 % 1 of its whole land nation. This little backwoods asset base was much additionally decreased to under 5 % after the partition of East-Pakistan in 1972. ( INRMP ) The ranger service segment contributes just 0.3 per centum to the GNP. This bars the backhanded advantages that backwoods give. Yearly wood creation is 3.5 million M3, which fulfills the local interest for modern wood. Backwoods and related little businesses give work to in excess of 500 000 individuals. Timberlands and rangelands give eatage to 90 million caput of livestock. Timberlands play a basic capacity in ensuring the water partings of Tarbela and Mangla repositories, which are extremely of import for hydropower coevals and for giving H2O to broad water system networks in the fields of Punjab and Sindh states. Yearly mischief following from immersions, earth disintegrating and siltation of supplies is evaluated at Rs2.3 billion. ( National Forest Policy Review ) Deforestation is one of the most significant planetary ecological employments. Types of woods corruption are exceptionally seeable in numerous pieces of Asia and Africa. Fitting to the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations, some South and Southeast Asiatic states, including Cambodia, Indonesia, Nepal, Pakistan, the Philippines, and Sri Lanka are losing woods at rates rising above 1.4 per centum per twelvemonth. These are among the most noteworthy paces of backwoods misfortune known to man. Inside South Asia, the pace of woodland consumption is most elevated in Pakistan, in spite of escalated support from universal supplier departments and army planetary and nearby ventures for backwoods conservation, strategy planning, and improved organization. Deforestation ever brings negative impacts. In September 1992, Pakistan encountered the most noticeably awful immersions in the state ‘s history, and the evaporated woods in the northern water partings were viewed as one of the main potential causes. Thusly, the government specialists forced a total restriction on signing in 1993. In any case, the forbiddance did non take into history the state ‘s ain timber requests, and the denial non only activated unlawful logging at that place, yet adjacent to prompted sneaking of wood from Afghanistan into Pakistan, doing broadened deforestation in Afghanistan. On October 8, 2005, Pakistan endured its most noticeably terrible disaster ever, when an earthquake of 7.6 on the Richter graduated table struck South Asia, doing colossal pulverization in the cragged nations of northwest Pakistan. Monstrous avalanches made farther misfortune the part ‘s tenants. The avalanches happened generally in the uncovered slopes, though topograp hic focuses with great wood screen endured less annihilation. ( Shahbaz B, Suleri AQ. 2009 ) Numerous records sing deforestation in the cragged pieces of the subcontinent are advertised. Generally current among these is the Theory of Himalayan Environmental Degradation [ THED ] . The THED credits breaking down natural states of the Himalaya part to the expanding populace power per unit territory in the fragile mountain biological condition. The second articulation tends to the more extensive financial procedures particularly urbanization of the marsh nations and the comparing expansion in the interest for blunder. This other than remembers formative exercises and base growth for the cragged regions especially opening up of previously unaccessible woods because of working of streets. On the other hand, another strand of examination underscores the political financial framework assault to asset degradation. For delineation, research has investigated the lease looking for exercises of the networks shacking in/around the forested areas as a start of deforestation25. Disappointme nt of the specialists to set up a legitimate institutional set-up for timberland bearing has other than been accused as the reason for woods decrease. ( L. Hassan ) The unhallowed confederation between private wood temporary workers and woodland functionaries taking to illicit log

Scene where Eddie kisses Catherine and Rodolfo Essay Example for Free

Scene where Eddie kisses Catherine and Rodolfo Essay In this scene Eddie returns home ahead of schedule from work since it is Christmas occasion. He is tanked and appears to be insecure. He shouts to Beatrice to check whether she is at home. Catherine goes into the room you returned home early she says knocked off for Christmas early he answers. Rodolfo then shows up in the room entryway, Eddie sees him and he is somewhat stunned. This scene demonstrates Eddies character to be very furious. He loses his temper rapidly, he compromises Rodolfo and at one point you figure he may really hit Rodolfo. Eddie yells noisily at Catherine and he makes her cry since he doesnt for the most part converse with her along these lines. He is normally pleasant to her yet of late since Rodolfo moved in, he has been exceptionally unsupportive of her and he is attempting to get her to adjust her perspective on him on the grounds that Rodolfo isn't care for him. There is proof of this when Eddie says he weds you hes persuaded an option to be an American resident. That is whats going on here the person is searching for a break, there's nothing more to it. Eddie doesn't support of Rodolfo in light of the fact that he has fair hair, he sings, cooks and he doesnt realize how to box! Eddie feels that all men ought to be genuinely solid, dedicated and supporting his family. Eddie is increasingly preferred towards Marco in light of the fact that he has indistinguishable characteristics from he does. Eddie doesnt share anything for all intents and purpose with Rodolfo in light of the fact that he thinks Rodolfo is extraordinary and that he isnt right. Fundamentally Eddie doesnt think Rodolfo is whatever a man ought to be. Eddie isn't satisfied to discover Catherine and Rodolfo at home alone together. Catherine appears to be upset and startled at Eddies conduct towards her. This is the point at which she turns out to be somewhat mournful. Catherine is sufficiently strong to confront Eddie yet Eddie abruptly gets her and kisses her on the mouth. Rodolfo bounces to Catherines salvage by shouting at Eddie and constraining him to relinquish Catherine. Rodolfo then flies at Eddie in assault and afterward Eddie pins his arms, chuckling and out of nowhere kisses him. Catherine is seethed at Eddies conduct; she is frightened by what he did. Rodolfo is inflexible. Both Eddie and Rodolfo resemble creatures torn at each other and separated without choice, each hanging tight for the others temperament. The strains being investigated in this scene are the ones among Eddie and Rodolfo and furthermore the pressures among Catherine and Eddie. Eddie kisses Catherine since he is explicitly pulled in to her. There is verification of this in the start of the play when Eddie says you been giving me the creeps the manner in which you stroll down the road, I would not joke about this. Kissing Catherine could be something that Eddie has been holding on to accomplish for some time. Swirls fixation on Catherine is something he can't perceive or comprehend for himself. Rather he concentrates all his outrage and disappointment on Rodolfo. Rodolfo has no duties and has an increasingly silly, cheerful mentality towards life. On the off chance that it is this that Catherine finds appealing about Rodolfo, Eddie thinks that its terrible and unmanly. Eddie is dubious of Rodolfos enthusiasm for Catherine; he feels that Rodolfo just needs to wed her so as to increase American citizenship. In the play proof is given to demonstrate this moment that Eddie says Katie, he is just bowing to his visa, he weds you and hes persuaded the option to be a resident! It turns out to be obvious to Catherine that Rodolfos expectations towards are noteworthy and propelled by his adoration for her. There is proof of this when she discloses to Eddie that hes got a wide range of regard for me. What's more, you to! We stroll over the avenues and he takes my arm he nearly retires from! You misunderstood him. At the point when you break down the manner by which Eddie talks, looks and acts towards Catherine gives you the feeling that Eddie has affections for her. Eddie has exceptional wants for Catherine and he needs to have a sexual relationship with his better half. This is indicated when Beatrice says to Eddie when am I going to be a spouse once more. Eddie rationalizes and says that he hasnt been feeling acceptable since Marco and Rodolfo moved in. Beatrice imagines that Eddie doesnt discover her explicitly alluring any longer. It is indicated when she says whats the issue Eddie, you dont like me heh? She asks in the case of something isn't right.

Christopher Columbus Essay

Christopher Columbus has been celebrated in a huge number of ways across North and South America. He has streets named in his respect, towns, structures and even America’s capital! Is Columbus genuinely meriting these admirations however? All things considered, he did find the land that we possess today so how might anyone have any issues with this voyager’s tries? Endless individuals miss the reality however that there were at that point people possessing what we know as North America today. Various individuals were instructed right off the bat the entirety of the achievements Columbus made, yet ignore the full truth of this praised man. The inquiry at that point comes to be â€Å"Who is Christopher Columbus?† Is he genuinely the person that numerous Americans title a saint? The man whose endeavor was the principal stage in a broad course that in the long run made the United States? Or then again, is Columbus the imperfect character that many have recommended. In the harvest time of 1451, the spouse of a fleece weaver in Genoa brought forth a kid who was bound to change the course of history. â€Å"Columbus is accepted to have been conceived somewhere close to August 26th and October 31. He was the oldest child of Domenico Colombo, a Genoese fleece specialist and dealer, and Susanna Fontanarossa, his significant other, and was brought up in their Christian household.† (Christopher Columbus, Britannica) Columbus was appointed by the ruler and sovereign of Spain to discover a course to the Indies. In any case, he cruised the other way of his planned objective by intersection the Atlantic and arriving in the Americas, bringing about the disclosure of the New World for Spain. This revelation was a significant point in European history, however world history. From this, Christopher Columbus picked up status as to some degree a saint to his kin during probably the darkest time in Europe’s history. He lived during when Europe was in incredible strife brought about by illness, starvation, and strict oppression. It was likewise the start of a time when finding an immediate exchange course to the Indies was significant. The misinterpretation behind the objective of Columbus’ journeys is that he was not out to accomplish riches alone, however to start the last extension of the Gospel that would get the finish of time. Columbus put stock in the Bible and that it was his obligatio n to spread Christianity to the Indians. Until as of late, every schoolchild was instructed that Christopher Columbus found the New World. Columbus was portrayed as a valiant and decided mariner who without any assistance persuaded Queen Isabella of Spain to finance his journey. In history books, Columbus was depicted as a genuine legend; a man who made it feasible for many European outsiders to begin new in another land. Presently, this picture of Christopher Columbus is being tested. Numerous students of history and others guarantee that Columbus didn't â€Å"discover† anything. Before he showed up, the New World previously had been found by others, Leif Ericksson among them. Also, the New World was at that point populated by more than 500 Native American clans. To call Columbus’s journey a â€Å"discovery† would resemble taking a hundred people, arriving in Italy, and saying that these individuals found Italy. Christopher Columbus may have â€Å"encountered† or â€Å"collided with† the New World, yet he didn't â€Å"discover† it. Numerous students of history contend however that whether Columbus’s journeys are known as a disclosure, an experience, or a crash doesn't make a difference. Nobody can deny that Columbus made Europe mindful of the New World, and that this mindfulness had an extraordinary effect. It was Columbus who began this new mindfulness. It is Columbus who ought to be credited with it. They accept that observing Columbus’s journeys is to commend the start of the new world as we probably am aware it today. Works Cited 1) Summerhill, Stephen J., and John Alexander Williams. Sinking Columbus: Contested History, Cultural Politics, and Mythmaking during the Quincentenary. Gainesville: University of Florida, 2000. Print. 2) Bradford, Ernle. Christopher Columbus. New York, NY: Viking, 1973. Print. 3) Szumski, Bonnie, and JoAnne Buggey. Christopher Columbus: Recognizing Stereotypes. San Diego, CA: Greenhaven, 1992. Print. 4) â€Å"Christopher Columbus†. Encyclopã ¦dia Britannica. Encyclopã ¦dia Britannica Online. Encyclopã ¦dia Britannica Inc., 2012. Web. 27 Nov. 2012 <http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/theme/127070/Christopher-Columbus>.

Italian Neorealism and National Cinema

The inquiry whether to consider a specific film some portion of national film is as yet unanswered. What is national film? What isolates it from different types of film classes? What makes it part of ones culture and how can it light up character and energy? Movies are regularly depicted as society’s reflections or portrayals. As a result of films’ use and explanation of visual symbolisms, narrating turns out to be increasingly distinctive and solidly introduced. Notwithstanding that, the nearness of alive on-screen characters and on-screen characters makes film more in contact with the real world. This is one favorable position that movies have over other national workmanship and fortunes, for example, writing and music. The reality of the situation is, it is a blend of both writing, music, visual and performing expressions. On the off chance that the network renders such thoughts about national film, at that point the directs of rationale and reason promptly show that every single included movie appeared in enormous screens are portions of a greater picture known as national film. In any case, the issue is that individuals from the academe and researchers the same appear to be awkward in settling to such a thought. National Cinema Keith Cameron noticed that in examining national film, there are â€Å"axis of reflections† that ought to be considered [1]. These are the way wherein films are â€Å"enunciated.† [2] The subsequent one relates to various messages and pictures that these movies need to advance or imply.[3] The last yet unquestionably not the least, is the means by which to find these movies inside the national context.[4] These three angles are critical to this specific conversation. This would bring a superior contextualization of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves and how it fits in into the national film classification. As per Cameron, there are three different ways to articulate movies and that depends on the real structure and substance of the film in question, the investigations and conversations that are given to it and the organizations in which these movies are appeared and made accessible to people in general. [5] With this respect, Cameron questions the separation of famous film from national film. Above all else, Cameron appear to infer that albeit a few movies or creations are upheld by the legislature or regardless of whether the nation include, for example, France for instance discharges huge quantities of film, these by themselves can't generally characterize national cinema’s genuine importance. On the off chance that such is the situation, it appears that the term national film is excessively including yet excessively explicit. It is enveloping since, it fundamentally includes films inside the district and explicit, since every one of these true to life creations experiences according to different pundits and individuals from the scholastic intellectual elite. This carries us to the second method of articulation which has something to do with the talks that are credited to a specific film. As a rule, to decide if a film would best fit under the national setting depends on the examinations that deconstruct each fixing that exemplifies a privately created film. Then again, Cameron appear to suggest that specific associations which are effectively engaged with protecting these movies assume a significant job in film classificationâ€so much in this way, that a nearby film can't be considered as a feature of national film except if these organizations tells so. Going to the subsequent hub, it is essential to take a gander at various images and symbolisms that are installed in the film. National film will in general portray cultural and fundamental issues. Such promptly advances patriotism, personality, culture and history. In any case, there are additionally events wherein the political structure of a nation or express, that are regularly clear in oversight governs likewise influence the entire story. Political strife can either strengthen the incorporation of nationalistic promotions and developments in film components or it can quietness these centerpieces and change it into unimportant products. Concerning the instance of the third pivot, Cameron noticed that finding films inside the national setting ought to be analyzed as a blend of various film classes that are available inside the nation. Majority appear to be a significant factor in characterizing films as a component of national film that are separated by six typologies, for example, the accompanying: â€Å"narratives, types, codes and shows, gesturality and morphology, the star as the sign and the film of the inside and of the periphery.† [6] Italian Neorealism and National Cinema Given this circumstance within reach, there is no uncertainty that national film, most particularly in Italy has taken the consideration of many. Angelo Restivo clarified that a correlation films that are not delivered in Hollywood promptly shows that broad investigations and looks into has been led towards Italian cinema.[7] Based from this contention, plainly, Italian movies epitomize the second method of articulation wherein it concerns the talks that spin around the film in essence. Perhaps the greatest commitment of Italy in the artistic world is the ascent of a sort all the more prevalently known as Neorealism. [8] The characterizing qualities of Neorealism are its solid accentuation on social and financial just as political portrayal of society. [9] Maria Prammaggiore and Tom Wallis explained that the ascent of this film kind happened during World War II’s result. Roberto Rossellino, Vittorio De Sica and Luchnio Visconti are considered as the primary advocates of the said film development. [10] This has promptly contributed into the development and improvement of workmanship films that are being offered in people in general. With this respect, there is a need to comprehend national film and its apparently inescapable combination with Neorealism. On the off chance that Neorealism started during the time whereinâ networks are torn with war and destitution, at that point the film class is required to be a piece of a much assorted classification, which is obviously national film. An assessment of De Sica’s Bicycle Thieves appears to mirror the social situations that are available in Italy. The Bicycle Thieves is an account of a battling man who is edgy to find a great job in the city. He has a family to raise and ordinary costs are interchangeable to regular condemnations. Ricci, who is the fundamental hero of the story, is in critical need of a bike since it is one of the job’s essential necessities. Openings for work are rare and there are additionally different candidates who are promptly equipped for the position. So as to land the position, he and his significant other pawned a portion of their valuable belongings to get a bicycle. The world actually disintegrated during the war. Economies dropped down and more people were denied to have a better than average methods for living. This is all around verbalized in the film. Ricci’s endeavors speak to the encounters of a person that is in outrageous destitution and franticness. Along these lines, it tends to mirror the estimations of people who are additionally immersed in such circumstance. Italy isn't saved from the war’s effect and De Sica indicated that even an incredible city experience serious issues. In this way, the social and financial part of national film for this situation is as of now showed. Besides, since Neorealism, as the term authenticity portrays, underscores catching reality on screen or if nothing else being shut to reality thusly. So as to achieve this, conversational language and normal settings are promptly used to permeate the â€Å"real† impact. [11] In the main scene alone, Ricci’s condition as of now shows extraordinary neediness. Common sounds are fundamentally not altered or cleaned so as to introduce the real factors of the movie’s setting and subsequently its imitation is promptly decreased. The striking strategies of authenticity and simultaneously, the cases of national film make an ideal mix. Maybe it very well may be best clarified that Neorealism falls under the classification of national film. Out of the need to live and endure, Ricci turned into a bike hoodlum as well. Obviously, this circumstance shows war’s leftovers. There is the battle to live all through the entire war as such. Be that as it may, the fight is much harder when on the most proficient method to proceed with life after the occurrence. The utilization of close-up shots in the film further increases the dramatization that is introduced in the film. In any case, De Sica doesn't appear to put a lot of significance on dramatizations that are filled sentimental notionsâ€but rather on what is obvious on the planet. Linda Badley, Barton Palmer and Steven Schneider [12] clarified that inquiries regarding Neorealism have something to do with inadequate financing. The crude and natural styles that it highlights are due to legitimate need as opposed to unadulterated elaborate and stylishly related strategies, as per its faultfinders. Yet, of course, Badly, Palmet and Schneider talked about that â€Å"on-location† shoots are significantly progressively costly since certain components, for example, the climate and lighting can't be controlled and that it ought to experience a progression of completing contacts for it to catch the ideal impact. [13] National film as recently examined is a festival of society’s ordinary issues. De Sica and his incredible intrigue and enthusiasm want in advancing Neorealism is a solid case of a great national film. For the last time, the unimportant certainty that Neorealism manages reality essentially implies that national qualities and encounters are featured. The visual symbolisms that are utilized in Bicycle Thieves imply a solid introduction of Italy’s past political and social changes that must be stood up to. The plan to portray this reality goes connected at the hip with the goal to promptly support a fundamental change that is basic in Italy’s people group. Because of this, national film changes into an artistic expression deserving of acclaim and acknowledgment. Catalog Badley, L, R Palmer& S Schneider. Conventions in World Cinema. Edinburgh University Press, Edinburgh, 2006 Cameron, C,  National Identity. Mind Books, Great Britain, 1991 Prammagi

Job Adverts How to Write the Perfect Job and Recruitment Advertisement

Job Adverts How to Write the Perfect Job and Recruitment Advertisement Creative Engineer Anyone going into the job market to look for possible employment has his eye out for a specific type of announcement in whatever media he may think of looking into. Once he opens the Classifieds section of the newspaper or any publication, his eyes will immediately be drawn to a specific type of advertisement, containing the information he is looking for or may be interested in.When he goes online and logs on to any of the job boards or job sites he has signed up with, he will immediately click on the area containing the advertisements that may be related to his job skills and competencies. Even his social media feeds may also be filled with items containing information on job openings in various companies and firms.These are what we all know as job advertisements or, in short, job adverts. Contrary to what some people may expect, these advertisements, which may range from a few phrases to a block of narrative text with a lot of graphics thrown in, actually require a lot of attention and effort on the part of the one creating them.If you are one of those people who are wondering what it takes to come up with job adverts that are effective enough to grab jobseekers’ attention, resulting in the advertised job opening to be filled with the right person, then you’ve come to the right place. © Shutterstock.com | Syda ProductionsIn this guide, we will provide you with an overview of job advertisements, their importance, different types of job ads, and how to write a great job ad using the major components.AN OVERVIEW OF JOB ADVERTISEMENTSBefore we can move on to crafting job advertisements, however, it is important to gain a full understanding of what job advertisements are.A job advertisement is basically a paid announcement about a job opening or vacancy in a company or organization. It is one of the many components of a recruitment process, and considered to be one of the essential tools used by hiring managers, recruiters and human resource professionals in order to fill existing openings or needs for skills and manpower in organizations, companies and firms.When you say “job adverts”, the first medium that will probably come to mind is the classified ads section of newspapers. But that is not the only place where you can find these job advertisements these days. Newspapers and publications with sections devoted entirely to job advertisements. Traditional and old-school recruitment processes still entail the publication of job adverts in publications of local and national circulation. There are even magazines that are specifically and purely targeted towards jobseekers and headhunters, and they are filled with job adverts.Online job boards and job sites. Thanks to the internet, the recruitment process now has a wider and more dynamic reach. Online job boards, job sites, and other forums that deal with connecting jobseekers with recruiters are also sure places to find job advertisements that cut across industries.Television and other audio-visual multimedia platforms. Job advertisements are also broadcasted over the television and radio, basically announcing that this or that organization is currently looking for someone to fill this or that position.Social media platforms. Twitter, Facebook, LinkedIn… these are only a few of the many socia l media platforms where you can find job advertisements. Companies with strong social media presence often advertise their job openings in their social media accounts, and their followers are the first ones to know about them.Companies’ and organizations’ bulletin boards. Head over to the offices and headquarters of the companies, and they are likely to have a large space in their lobbies or reception areas that are filled with advertisements regarding vacancies and openings in their ranks.The venue or medium where the adverts appear will vary, depending on several factors, mostly with respect to the size of the company and the nature of the organization, as well as its financial resources. Larger companies that can afford to spend on its recruitment processes may put out its job adverts in multiple platforms, while those who are on a tight budget may opt to pick just one or two.Watch this great explanation on things to consider when writing your job ad. THE IMPORTANCE OF JOB AD VERTISEMENTSProduct advertisements have one goal: to attract consumers into buying the product or service. The same goes for job adverts, since they are designed to attract the suitable candidates for the open position being advertised.How can an organization benefit from an effective job and recruitment advertisement? Let us count the ways.It will increase the chances that the candidates who will apply are suitable for the open position, meaning that the applicants have the skills, talents and competencies required specifically for the job being advertised. A poorly written job advertisement will lead to just about anyone applying for a job, even if they are not qualified for it. For example, a company that is looking for an engineer may find itself pelted with application submissions from people with zero background and knowledge in engineering.It reduces the time spent by recruiters and hiring managers going through applications of unsuitable applicants. In the previous example, they would not waste time sifting through the resumes of people with medical backgrounds, because the job advertisement precisely stated that the company needs an engineer. And it is not just the time spent in the preliminary screening that will be saved, because they will also save time on the rest of the recruitment process. Imagine a hiring manager realizing only during the interview process that the person has no knowledge whatsoever about production engineering processes. That means he just wasted time on that applicant, when it could have been spent on other, more qualified prospects.It improves the quality of staffing of the company. A company’s growth is not just reflected by the numbers, or how much profit it made during its several years of operation. Even the quality of manpower will also be indicative of its growth. Many companies have gained repute for having a structure that is staffed by quality people, with brilliant minds, talents and skills. Another result of thi s is that qualified candidates will be keeping their eyes on the company, in case it has job openings in the future. The company will then have less trouble attracting the top candidates for its open positions.TYPES OF JOB ADVERTISEMENTSJob adverts, just like product and service adverts, also come in different “shapes and sizes”, in order to attract more potential applicants. There are two main forms or types of job advertisements:Display advertisementsThese advertisements are designed to be displayed and to grab attention at first glance. It makes use of bold headlines and a generous amount of photographs, illustrations and other graphics. Thus, they are usually prepared with the help of graphic ad designers.In display advertisements, size matters, and so does creativity. The adverts can come in various sizes, and the general principle is “the bigger, the better”. Of course, those with limited budget may settle for adverts the size of a small box, while those with more mone y to spend may pay for job adverts that will be run on full pages of newspapers or magazines. Those who have even more money to spend could even run their advert in two pages, making it a full-spread job advertisement.Classified advertisementsCompared to display advertisements, classified advertisements are simpler and much more straightforward. Think of an entire page filled with job advertisements that, at first glance, essentially look the same. There is a general heading indicating a job category, and under that category will be the job advertisements, which are usually composed of a heading and text relevant to the job being advertised.There is often no room for the company advertising the open position to exercise its creativity in this type of advertisement, and neither does it have the freedom to style it in a way that is sure to grab the attention of jobseekers perusing that page.BASIC ELEMENTS OF JOB ADVERTSAccording to the U.S. Small Business Administration, a job advert is effective if it reflects the role that the selected applicant or candidate will perform once he is hired by the company, as well as the expectations of the employer regarding his performance.Various literature and sources have quoted the basic elements of a successful job posting or advertisement, listing varying numbers of these elements. Some compressed the basic elements into five, namely:Information about the job opening or vacancy: This includes the duties and responsibilities of the position or job opening that the organization aims to fill.Candidate profile: This is an outline of the education, experience, skills and other requirements of the open position.Company information: This provides potential applicants an insight into  the working environment.Employee benefits: This includes the salary range and other benefits that the employee who will be chosen for the job will receive once he is employed and performing.The application process: This basically provides instructio n on how the applicants will apply, and where they will send in their application letters and resumes.From the above lists, we can safely say that the basic elements of a job advertisement include the Job Title or Designation, the Job Description, the Company Description, and a Call to Action. We will go into the elements in more detail once we discuss the key points in writing a successful job advertisement.Follow this five tips on writing your job ad. WRITING THE JOB ADVERTISEMENTFactors to Consider Before Writing a Job AdvertisementYour ideal candidate for the job: Before you can write a job description, and the job advertisement, as a whole, you should first know exactly who your ideal candidate for the open position will be. Imagine the type of person, employee or worker that you want performing the tasks that the job entails. By putting yourself in their shoes, you will have an idea what they are looking for in a new working or employment opportunity.The platform for advertisi ng: Where will you post your job and recruitment advertisements? Your medium or choice of advertising platform may have an effect on how you will craft your advert, especially with respect to its styling and design, as well as what you will write in the Call to Action section, where you will instruct interested applicants to apply for the job opening.Your budget for job and recruitment advertising: Publication of job advertisement in newspapers and magazines generally cost money, and the same goes for advertising on television and radio. Knowing how much you are willing and able to spend on the advertising will determine how long the advert will be. If you have allotted more than sufficient money to be able to afford a half-page advertisement, then you will have more leeway on the amount of content you will include in the advert. If budget is tight, and you are given only a small box to fit the advert in, then you have to be more circumspect when choosing what to put in there.Key Po ints in Writing the Job AdvertIn noting the key points that one must remember when writing a successful job and recruitment advertisement, we will follow the seven basic elements as enumerated by the Wentworth Institute of Technology.1. Job Title, or the headlineThis will serve as the Heading or Title of the entire job advertisement. There are some cases where a sub-headline is used, mainly to provide a brief description of the job, as in the case of jobs of a contractual nature, or for a limited period of time only.Use a job title that is industry standard. It should make use of descriptive words that anyone will immediately recognize and understand the moment they lay their eyes on it. While sticking to industry standard job titles, it should also be specific, and one way to do that is to target specific groups based on the area or field of study that the job belongs to. For example, a pharmaceutical company may use words such as “Medical” and “Researcher” in its heading. A healthcare facility may come up with a job advertisement with a title containing words such as “Nursing”, “Healthcare”, “Caregiver”, and others. This will make it easier, say, for a jobseeker with a nursing background to spot the advertisement even when it is listed alongside other similarly-formatted job adverts in a full Classified Ads or Job Wanted page.Job title must be clear and does not mislead anyone who reads it. You are looking for a Software Engineer? Then say so. Writing “An engineer skilled in software development” implies that you welcome applications by anyone with a background in any engineering field, as long as he has knowledge on software development.Job title must be catchy and appealing. This does not mean that you should include a catchphrase in there to grab the attention of jobseekers. It simply means that it must contain keywords that can potentially attract suitable candidates. For example, a job title that says “Clerk” is not as catchy as, say, “Accounting Clerk” or “Administrative Assistant”.Keep it simple. Avoid using jargon words. You may also be inclined to use flowery words and adjectives to make it more appealing, but it may only end up becoming ambiguous and off-putting when the reader of the job advert looks at the full context. Remember the goal of writing a job title, which is to tell the readers exactly what the job is. You have more chances to elaborate on that later on in the body of the job advert.[slideshare id=37740417doc=effectivejobpostings1-140806175001-phpapp02w=710h=400]2. The HookUsually, this is the first paragraph of the job advertisement, and it serves as a lure or a lead that answers the following questions:Why would a jobseeker be interested to perform this specific job?What is so unique about this job, setting it apart from other similar jobs? Basically, the hook is where you will try to attract the jobseeker, or anyone reading the job advertisement, even someone who already ha s a job. Some of the hooks or attractions that you can probably include in the first paragraph of the job advertisement are:One or two specific functions of the job that utilizes the primary skill or expertise of the individual. Or it could be anything that will grab the attention and interest of the candidate, and motivate him to respond to the job advertisement. For example, you could write the hook as a sentence, like “Are you creative and innovative? Be our next Junior Designer!” Or they could be simple phrases, such as “seasoned and creative”, “great career opportunity”, or even “fun working environment”.Benefits that will be received by the employee who will perform the job, on top of his salary. Examples are subsidies for clothing and housing, and also transportation and representation allowances.Exciting programs and projects that the company is currently working on â€" or will work on in the future â€" where the job and the jobholder will play an active part in.3. Company informationThis is the second paragraph of the job advertisement, and it covers information about the company, including its offerings (products and services) and some more general information that provides a glimpse of the corporate and working culture within the organization.Keep it short. Do not fall into the trap of giving a compressed history of the company. It will be up to the applicants to do further research on the company. Just give them the “bare bones”, so to speak, to introduce the company to them. You may speak briefly about its founding, but focus on the company’s current position or standing in the industry. You want to paint your company to be an attractive prospect as an employer, one that employees would be able to grow in and with.Indicate the services or products of the company. Why is this important, you ask? It is possible that the jobseeker may have never heard of the company, but once he reads the company information and learns its produ cts, it may turn out that he has been a long-term user or consumer of that brand of product or service.Highlight any successes or recent accomplishments of the company. Again, this will provide an insight on the company’s potential for growth. The top candidates are most certainly going to look for employment in companies that are relevant in the industry, and you have to clearly demonstrate that in your job advertisement.Include any information about the working environment and the overall atmosphere in the workplace, since many applicants are also curious about the company or organizational culture that they will be applying to. It is common sense, really: people want to work in a place where they can enjoy their work, and not be worked to the bone like slaves.Include a link to the company website, if any, or other sources where the jobseeker may find more information about the company, in support of the short introduction that you just made in the advert.We come to one issue wh ere you may rethink including the company information in your job advertisement: that is if the company does not want to announce to all and sundry that it is recruiting or hiring. It may be because it is company policy, or it may be because it does not want the competition to catch wind of its recruitment actions.If this is the case, you may opt not to reveal the name of the company. However, you should still include a snippet in there about the type of business that the company is involved in, or the industry it belongs to, such as “a pharmaceutical company” or a “local nursing facility”. Not mentioning anything about is bound to cause more questions than answers and, most likely, low applicant turnout.4. Skills, experience and educationThese are the requirements of the job, meaning that the person who will perform the job must have these skills, experience and education on his first day on the job.Be clear, specific and concise. Upon reading this section of the job advert , the potential applicant should be able to immediately conclude whether they are qualified for the position or not.Choose the essential or critical skills, instead of listing ALL the skills that you want the person to have. Keeping the required list short will accomplish the task of attracting jobseekers, instead of boring them and, worse, even overwhelming them to the point that they will be discouraged to apply for the job. Similarly, you have to identify every detail about the experience that you want the candidates to have. If you are also looking for specific certifications and accreditations, such as a professional certification or license, spell that out in the job advertisement.Make a clear distinction between  requirements and  additional qualifications. You must distinguish the “must-have” qualifications and skills from the other qualifications and skills that are “nice to have”, but not really strictly needed in the applicant. For instance, you may create two sep arate categories for the skills, one for the required skills and the desired skills, which are appropriately described as “desired or preferred, but not required”. This will encourage more applicants to apply because, even if they do not have those desired skills, they are not strictly required, which means that their application may still have a chance. This is in direct contrast when you list down all the skills as “required” (or make no differentiation or qualification), resulting in less applications received by the company.In many cases, employers also specify some preferences or “special criteria” that the applicants must be able to meet in order to qualify. This is one of the ways that hiring managers can eliminate applicants that are unqualified, or fall short of their expectations. For example, a job advert for a project manager or project team leader may ask applicants to include a project proposal along with their application letters and resumes, in order to b e given a job interview. This requirement should also be clearly stated in the job advertisement.Avoid listing personality traits since, technically, these are not skills. Personality traits such as “proactive”, “outgoing”, and “with pleasing personality” are not measurable, and are even subjective. It is easy for applicants to convince themselves that they have these personality traits, for the simple reason that they want to apply for that job. Some may resort to imitating these behaviors and pretending to have them when everything else says otherwise. Listing items that are considered to be rhetorical is also not recommended. Examples are “hardworking” and “with strong work ethic”. It is a given that the employer would want to hire workers who have these traits, so it would not make sense to include them in the job advert. You may only end up making the advert unnecessarily long, taking up space that you can use for other, more important content.5. Responsibil ities of the positionThis is where you will indicate the tasks, activities, duties and responsibilities that the future jobholder will perform on a regular basis. The purpose of this is to clearly state the purpose of the job, and provide a glimpse of its relationship to the other positions within the organization or company.List down the major responsibilities. Do not include all the tasks that will be performed by the employee, because you may end up with a job advert that is more than two pages long. If there are a lot of responsibilities, select three to five of the major ones, or those that take up a large bulk of the time of the jobholder.Be specific about the role of the would-be employee, especially with regards to his skills and experience, and even educational background. This is so that the advertisement will discourage those who are not qualified, or who do not meet the minimum requirements, from applying for the open position.Start the responsibilities and duties with a ction words. Action words provide more impact and give more weight to the actual functions of the job. “Updates ledgers and inventory records” certainly comes across as having more impact than stating it as “maintenance of ledgers and inventory records”. “Preparation of letters and communications” sounds a bit vague when compared to, say, “writes letters and communications”. Use action verbs that directly describe the action that will be performed by the jobholder.Make sure you describe the job responsibilities in a powerful like stated in the following video. 6. Compensation and BenefitsThere are instances when companies do not include any information regarding compensation. Which should not be the case. As early as the job advertisement, the elephant in the room must be addressed because â€" let’s face it â€" a very large part of the reason why people look for jobs is the pay. They want jobs with handsome pays, or where they will receive pay that is commensurate to the work that they are expected to put in.Indicate that money comes with the employment opportunity. For many, this may seem like a foregone conclusion, but it is still important to state that fact. There are several ways to go about this, and some of the most popular and commonly used phrases are “with competitive pay” and “compensation commensurate with skills and experience”.Again, be specific. You may not be able (or are unwilling to) state the exact salary or compensation that the eventual jobholder will receive once he gets the job, but what you can do is put in a salary range or average instead. In fact, a range is more recommended than stating the monthly or annual rate up front, because it means that there is room for increases or income growth as the employee stays longer in the job or performs better. Another advantage of putting in a salary range is that you will eliminate the risks of entertaining applicants who want to be paid more than what you are offering for the job. Naturally, the moment that a jobseeker with high expectations with respect to a salary find that the range stated in the advert is not what he had in mind, he will move on to other advertisements.Provide a list of benefits that will be offered along with the job. By breaking down the benefits, you will be able to attract the potential applicants further. Of course, this does not mean that you should include all benefits, including free lunches on Wednesdays or carpooling privileges. Select the benefits that will appeal more to your candidates, such as retirement benefits, health and medicare insurance, transportation allowances, and other subsidies.7. Call to actionAt the end of the job advertisement, you are now going to tell the prospective applicant what to do in order to apply for the job.Shape it in the form of a direct message to the reader. You are talking directly to him, enticing him to apply for the job, and telling him exactly how to go about it.Provide a cl ear outline of the next steps that the applicant needs to take. Make sure the following are addressed:How to apply for the open position, whether you accept online applications, actual physical submission of documents, or submission of application via email.Where to direct their applications (e.g. mailing address, email address, or the actual address of the place where applicants may personally submit their application letters and documents, and contact numbers)What documents to submit aside from, of course, their application letters and resumesThe inclusive dates of acceptance of application, putting emphasis on any deadline of submissionKeep the application process as simple as you can. Do not inundate them with a lot of steps to follow in order for them to be able to get their resumes to you. By keeping it straightforward and simple, more candidates will apply, and you will also have greater chances of attracting the stronger ones.You will notice in the above points that there is one underlying principle that must be followed by anyone preparing a job advertisement, and that is to be specific. Be specific when writing the job title, when listing the required skills and qualifications, when providing information about the company, the job, and the compensation and benefits.Design of the Job AdvertisementThis pertains to the format and presentation, or the look and feel, of the job advertisements. Your goal, as the one writing a job advertisement, is to create one with a design that focuses on clarity, with the use of text and layout, while maintaining a professional image for the advertisement, and for the company advertising.While it is true that the different media or platforms where job advertisements may be posted or published have their own unique characteristics, the same design concept will still apply. This is actually another challenge posed towards creators of job advertisements: to come up with an advert that will work whether published in newspap ers and magazines, or uploaded in social media, job websites and other online job boards.In writing a job advertisement, the tried-and-tested AIDA selling format is highly recommended.AIDA stands for Attention, Desire, Interest, and Action.First, the job advertisement must be able to attract the attention of readers, especially the targeted jobseekers. This refers to the headline or banner portion, often containing the job title.The advertisement must be able to establish relevant interest in the targeted candidates, meaning the information imparted must relate to how the reader thinks and feels about certain issues.The job advert must be able to create desire among the targeted candidates, encouraging them to pursue a great opportunity (in this case, the job itself). You may play up the appeal of the job (such as the challenges and opportunities for growth that it entails) and the rewards that the reader may aspire to.The job advert must have a straightforward call to action, provi ding clear instructions on what the interested applicants should do next. It could either be a prompt for them to call a number for more information, or to send a letter, a resume or CV to a specific address, or to download an online application form, if it utilizes this platform.When designing, styling or formatting your job advertisement, take note of the following:DO:Make it quick and easy to read. Readers do not want to have to go through a lot of words and lists before they get to the main point of the advert, which is to convince them to apply for the job.Use a font style that is professional-looking (avoid script font styles or those with elaborate and fancy designs). The most commonly used font styles are Arial and Tahoma (for sans serif fonts) and Times and Times New Roman (for serif fonts).Adopt a font size that is neither too small nor too large. Keep in mind that not all readers have the same 20/20 vision as you. A font size between 12 and 20 point-sizes is safe for the heading and subheadings, if any, while the main text’s font size should be somewhere between 10 and 12 points.Check for any grammatical and typographical errors. Proofread several times if you must, and have other people go over it, until you are satisfied that it is error-free.Try to keep your sentences short using, on average, fifteen words per sentence. Shorter often means clearer, and it is also easier to read. Aside from complicated words, you should also try to avoid using word contractions such as “don’t”, “can’t”, and “haven’t”.Keep your paragraphs short. If you have a paragraph that is essentially a large block of text, chances are high that the reader will not bother reading and trying to understand the whole thing.Make sure there are enough white or empty spaces around the text so that the eyes are drawn to what is written. If you put them too closely together, the whole advert will look too cramped, and will not entice people to read it, because they will feel like they will simply be sifting through many text.Make sure to draft your want ad the right way. This is an interesting take on writing a job advertisement. DO NOT:Go overboard with graphics and illustrations. These may only become distractions and overshadow the message you are trying to convey.Use upper case or capital letters in your advert. Can you use capital letters in the heading? Yes, you may, but it is not really recommended. This is because many people find it difficult to read words written in all capitals.Be free with the use of italics. Somehow, italicized words are more difficult to read. If you should want to put emphasis, embolden or underline the words you want to emphasize instead.Play around with colors. You may think it is good design sense to use a colored or patterned background and overlay other, darker, colored text over it. This may just make the advert look tacky, and the strong candidates may not take it seriously. Stick to black or dark-colored text for better contrast and easier readability.Other Tips on Writing the Perfect Job and Recruitment AdvertisementUse simple words, in a language that your targeted candidates use and understand. Remember that you are talking to them through the advertisement, so you should be speaking their language. As much as possible, use layman’s terms, and avoid being too technical about it unless, of course, the job title and the job description call for the use of the technical terms. For example, when you are looking for an Accountant, you may use the words “Quickbooks” and “IFRS” (International Financial Recording Standards), since these are terms that your targeted candidates â€" certified public accountants â€" will definitely recognize and understand.Avoid exaggerations. So you want to attract as many applicants as possible, with the hope that the top candidates will be among them. That is why you decided to “pad” the advert, just a little bit, in order to get their atte ntion. Little or big exaggeration is still exaggeration, and this is a way of misleading potential applicants. Another risk of exaggerating the content of your job advert is that you are also increasing the likelihood that the applicants are gullible and, worse, poor or non-performers. They are aware that the job you advertised may be too good to be true, yet they still applied for it. That means they are also the type to have unrealistic expectations from their job and their employer. As an employer, you definitely would not want to be saddled with an employee like that.Since you are basically talking to the target candidate, use the second person point of view when writing. This means the use of the pronouns “you”, “your” and “yours”. This will give the reader â€" your target â€" a sense of involvement, as if you are asking them directly to apply for the job.Use bullet points when listing details or items. This will make the job advertisement easier to read as opposed to, say, a block of text containing a narrative of what you are looking for. The applicant may fail to identify the salient points of the job advert, and you may end up receiving applications from unqualified applicants, for the simple reason that they did not fully understand what they read in the advertisement. At the same time, when listing, make sure they are ordered and organized in a sensible and concise manner. Steer clear from being too wordy and, as a result, overshadowing the true message that you want to convey by creating lists. Do not feel the need to explain yourself in great length, because there is still the rest of the recruitment process to do exactly that.Do not mention anywhere on the job advertisement any preferences when it comes to gender (except when the nature of the job calls for it) and sexual preferences, religious affiliation, origins, family situations, political orientations, and the absence of medical conditions or handicap. This will render your adve rt as discriminating and turn people off from applying.EXAMPLE OF AN EFFECTIVE JOB ADVERTISEMENTTake a look at the following sample, posted in Google Careers, that contains all the elements of an effective job advert, and observing the tips and tricks discussed.Creative EngineerGoogleUser Experience DesignMountain View, CA, USAGoogle is known for its speed and clean design, and our websites must also be fast and clean. Our Webmaster team creates and maintain Googles web sites. As a Webmaster, you collaborate with Marketing and Engineering teams to create compelling, efficient and accessible web pages. You work independently on many projects, but also take directions from team members across the organization. The impact of your work is huge as millions of users traffic our websites every day.As a Creative Engineer, you will work on different product areas across Google, with your web content taking center stage in product launches, events, and marketing campaigns. You will partner w ith Product, UX, and your team to build front-end web experiences. You will use your experience to drive medium to large-sized tasks and projects while exercising considerable independent judgment and discretion.You will be responsible for the creation of high quality, world-class web content for desktop and mobile devices. You will engineer front-end components that will present information in new, innovative, and creative ways. Your work will require a focus on compatibility, accessibility, and internationalization.Your components should be modular, reusable, and well documented to the benefit of the greater team. You will experiment with emerging technologies and discuss their merits with fellow team members.At Google, were always trying to provide our users with the fastest services possible. Google Fiber works to go the very last mile, providing fiber-optic Internet connections directly to users homes. Were building one of the fastest networks in America so that users can exper ience the future of broadband because we know that your Internet connection can never be too fast.ResponsibilitiesArchitect, develop, and maintain an innovative, engaging, and informative web siteCollaborate with Marketing, Product, and Engineering partnersBe able to multitask while meeting tight deadlinesChallenge established thinking and discover new ways of approaching and solving a problemQualificationsMinimum qualifications:BA/BS degree or equivalent practical experience.4 years of experience developing mobile websites and applications.HTML5, CSS3, OO JavaScript and Python development experienceExperience with content management systems. Experience using templating language (e.g., Jinja or Django)Preferred qualifications:BS or MS in Computer Science or equivalentExperience with JavaScript libraries (e.g., Closure, AngularJS)Experience with Google App Engine, Google Custom Search, and Google AnalyticsFluency in Canvas/CSS animationFluency in one or more of: Python, Java, C/C++St rong consistency and attention to detailThe above example is taken directly from the Google Careers website, the jobs portal of the giant Google. Reading through the whole thing will reveal that it contains all the basic elements of an effective job advert. There may not be a clear-cut call to action, but the web page has a clearly visible APPLY button on the top right corner that interested applicants can simply click on if they want to apply for the job.When you look at it, writing a job and recruitment advertisement pretty much follows the same principles as when you write other forms of advertising. The goal is the same, although the subjects may be different. You are talking to jobseekers, encouraging them to take the action that you want, which is to apply for the open position in your company.

Creation Theory Essay - 275 Words

Creation Theory (Essay Sample) Content: Final ExaminationNameInstitution Final Examination The Theory of Evolution came at a time when Christians had cemented the belief that God created the world and everything else found in tthe world. According to the Creation Theory, the Creator created both living and non-living things. It stipulates that God created the world, and that he existed before all. All the creation activities took place within six days (Drees, 2000, p. 45). In the seventh day, God rested. The creation story is based solely on individual beliefs, and thus there is no material evidence to affirm it that indeed God created the universe (Grudem Purswell, 2000). On the other hand, there are various theories so far postulated to explain the existence of the universe. Some are convincing while others are not. The ever-contentious Darwin Evolution Theory provides the biggest contempt to the Creation Theory (Drees, 2000).In the context of Gods action to the world, Bube, Hick, Spivey, Smith, Einstein , and Tillich, all agree that religion cannot be a basis of explanation to the subsistence of the physical universe. As a result, religion cannot explain where all the physical objects in the worlds came from. For example, Bube believes that God existed, and was in charge in making the material and other things found in the universe (Grudem and Purswell, 2000). This included the life found in the universe. Bube viewed evolution as a plan by God, found within the universe, to help in the creation of man. In this case, there is no difference between religion and science as advocated by the proponents of the Evolution Theory. For that reason, Biological Evolution is seen as the product of creation. Furthermore, evolution appears a tool formulated by God himself to help man propagate naturally. This implies that God himself determines the evolution process (Grudem and Purswell, 2000). On the other hand, Einstein does not believe in evolution, and as a result, he is not among the theisti c evolutionists. He also does not believe in God who interferes with the conduct of human life and affairs (Henderson, 2007). In an attempt to come to a consensus on the divergent views Evolution and Creation Theories, science has been integrated together with religious beliefs and practices. This has reduced the controversial gap that existed regarding evolution and creation. Because of integration, the inherent conflict that existed between the religious literalism and the scientific materialism has been slowly been negated and contained. For example, there is a need to use religious and science interchangeably in explaining the existence and occurrence of unknown things (Henderson, 2007).The main reason is that even if one tries to distinguish the body of science as a systematic questioning and reasoning to get a real solution, we should realize that there is some situation, which we cannot make a conclusion with highest precision. We will need religion in-order to relate some of these happenings to the acts of supernatural powers. This is because sciences can explain natural situations that can be seen, touched and measured. On the other hand, doubts arising from supernatural realities need to be explained by religious literalism. In this case, it is imperative to work towards uniting the religious literalism and science materialism in order to establish the virtue of supportiveness of the two points of actions (Drees, 2000).An additional way of bringing religious literalism and science materialism together is by comparing how the sciences and religions derive their elemental principles. For instance, sciences might use different methodologies from that of religion, but the result is the accumulation of knowledge. To avoid further conflict, we should view science and religion as tools that help in meeting a common goal: the creation of knowledge. Therefore, in the context of the evolution, we should always try to see the two processes actually complementin g each other. In the event of disagreement, attempts should be made to see if the results would be consistent to the beliefs of religion (Henderson, 2007).The fact is that scientific researches utilize various methodologies and rely on multiple assumptions. Assumptions are not always true, and are subject to change. In this regard, it is possible for the scientific findings to give conclusions that contradict religious literalism. In this case, it does not mean once there are controversial findings then it is obvious that the religious perception cannot hold. There is a possibility that the basic pillars relied upon at the formulation stage of the research was unsuitable. Consequently, the findings may be invalid. In such instances, researchers should make a point of reviewing their findings, which may make the results consistent to the literal results. Therefore, in th... Creation Theory Essay - 275 Words Creation Theory (Essay Sample) Content: Final ExaminationNameInstitution Final Examination The Theory of Evolution came at a time when Christians had cemented the belief that God created the world and everything else found in tthe world. According to the Creation Theory, the Creator created both living and non-living things. It stipulates that God created the world, and that he existed before all. All the creation activities took place within six days (Drees, 2000, p. 45). In the seventh day, God rested. The creation story is based solely on individual beliefs, and thus there is no material evidence to affirm it that indeed God created the universe (Grudem Purswell, 2000). On the other hand, there are various theories so far postulated to explain the existence of the universe. Some are convincing while others are not. The ever-contentious Darwin Evolution Theory provides the biggest contempt to the Creation Theory (Drees, 2000).In the context of Gods action to the world, Bube, Hick, Spivey, Smith, Einstein , and Tillich, all agree that religion cannot be a basis of explanation to the subsistence of the physical universe. As a result, religion cannot explain where all the physical objects in the worlds came from. For example, Bube believes that God existed, and was in charge in making the material and other things found in the universe (Grudem and Purswell, 2000). This included the life found in the universe. Bube viewed evolution as a plan by God, found within the universe, to help in the creation of man. In this case, there is no difference between religion and science as advocated by the proponents of the Evolution Theory. For that reason, Biological Evolution is seen as the product of creation. Furthermore, evolution appears a tool formulated by God himself to help man propagate naturally. This implies that God himself determines the evolution process (Grudem and Purswell, 2000). On the other hand, Einstein does not believe in evolution, and as a result, he is not among the theisti c evolutionists. He also does not believe in God who interferes with the conduct of human life and affairs (Henderson, 2007). In an attempt to come to a consensus on the divergent views Evolution and Creation Theories, science has been integrated together with religious beliefs and practices. This has reduced the controversial gap that existed regarding evolution and creation. Because of integration, the inherent conflict that existed between the religious literalism and the scientific materialism has been slowly been negated and contained. For example, there is a need to use religious and science interchangeably in explaining the existence and occurrence of unknown things (Henderson, 2007).The main reason is that even if one tries to distinguish the body of science as a systematic questioning and reasoning to get a real solution, we should realize that there is some situation, which we cannot make a conclusion with highest precision. We will need religion in-order to relate some of these happenings to the acts of supernatural powers. This is because sciences can explain natural situations that can be seen, touched and measured. On the other hand, doubts arising from supernatural realities need to be explained by religious literalism. In this case, it is imperative to work towards uniting the religious literalism and science materialism in order to establish the virtue of supportiveness of the two points of actions (Drees, 2000).An additional way of bringing religious literalism and science materialism together is by comparing how the sciences and religions derive their elemental principles. For instance, sciences might use different methodologies from that of religion, but the result is the accumulation of knowledge. To avoid further conflict, we should view science and religion as tools that help in meeting a common goal: the creation of knowledge. Therefore, in the context of the evolution, we should always try to see the two processes actually complementin g each other. In the event of disagreement, attempts should be made to see if the results would be consistent to the beliefs of religion (Henderson, 2007).The fact is that scientific researches utilize various methodologies and rely on multiple assumptions. Assumptions are not always true, and are subject to change. In this regard, it is possible for the scientific findings to give conclusions that contradict religious literalism. In this case, it does not mean once there are controversial findings then it is obvious that the religious perception cannot hold. There is a possibility that the basic pillars relied upon at the formulation stage of the research was unsuitable. Consequently, the findings may be invalid. In such instances, researchers should make a point of reviewing their findings, which may make the results consistent to the literal results. Therefore, in th...

What is a Unitary State Pros, Cons, Examples

A unitary state, or unitary government, is a governing system in which a single central government has total power over all of its other political subdivisions. A unitary state is the opposite of a federation, where governmental powers and responsibilities are divided. In a unitary state, the political subdivisions must carry out the directives of the central government but have no power to act on their own. Key Takeaways: Unitary State In a unitary state, the national government has total authority over all of the country’s other political subdivisions (e.g. states).Unitary states are the opposite of federations, in which governing power is shared by a national government and its subdivisions.The unitary state is the most common form of government in the world. In a unitary state, the central government may grant some powers to its local governments through a legislative process called â€Å"devolution.† However, the central government reserves supreme power and can revoke the powers it devolves to the local governments or invalidate their actions. Examples of Unitary States Of the 193 member countries of the United Nations, 165 are unitary states. The United Kingdom and France are two well-recognized examples.   United Kingdom The United Kingdom (UK) is composed of the countries of England, Scotland, Wales and Northern Ireland. While technically a constitutional monarchy, the UK functions as a unitary state, with total political power held by Parliament (the national legislature located in London, England). While the other countries within the UK each have their own governments, they cannot enact laws that affect any other part of the UK, nor can they refuse to enforce a law enacted by Parliament. France In the Republic of France, the central government exercises total control over the country’s nearly 1,000 local political subdivisions, which are called â€Å"departments.† Each department is headed by an administrative prefect appointed by the French central government. While they are technically governments, France’s regional departments exist only to implement the directives issued by the central government. Some other notable unitary states include Italy, Japan, the People’s Republic of China, and the Philippines. Unitary States vs. Federations The opposite of a unitary state is a federation. A federation is a constitutionally organized union or alliance of partially self-governing states or other regions under a central federal government. Unlike the largely powerless local governments in a unitary state, the states of a federation enjoy some degree of independence in their internal affairs. The US government structure is a good example of a federation. The U.S. Constitution establishes a system of federalism under which powers are shared between the central government in Washington, D.C., and the governments of the 50 individual states. The power-sharing system of federalism is defined in the 10th Amendment to the Constitution: â€Å"The powers not delegated to the United States by the Constitution, nor prohibited by it to the States, are reserved to the States respectively, or to the people.† While the U.S. Constitution specifically reserves some powers for the federal government, other powers are granted to the collective states, and others are shared by both. While the states have the power to enact their own laws, the laws must comply with the U.S. Constitution. Lastly, the states have the power to collectively amend the U.S. Constitution, provided that two-thirds of state governments vote to demand it. Even in federations, the distribution of power is often a source of controversy. In the United States, for example, disputes over states’ rights—the constitutional division of power between the federal and state governments—is a common subject of rulings issued by the U.S. Supreme Court under its original jurisdiction. Unitary States vs. Authoritarian States Unitary states should not be confused with authoritarian states. In an authoritarian state, all governing and political power is vested in a single individual leader or small, elite group of individuals. The leader or leaders of an authoritarian state are not chosen by the people, nor are they constitutionally responsible to the people. Authoritarian states rarely allow freedom of speech, freedom of the press, or freedom to practice non-state approved religions. In addition, there are no provisions for protecting the rights of minorities. Nazi Germany under Adolf Hitler is typically cited as the prototypical authoritarian state; modern examples include Cuba, North Korea, and Iran. Pros and Cons The unitary state is the most common form of government in the world. This system of government has its benefits, but as with all schemes of dividing power between government and the people, it also has drawbacks. Advantages of a Unitary State Can act quickly: Because decisions are made by a single governing body, the unitary government is able to respond more quickly to unexpected situations, whether they are domestic or foreign. Can be less costly: Without the multiple levels of government bureaucracy common to federations, unitary states are able to operate more efficiently, thus potentially reducing their tax burden on the population. Can be smaller: The unitary state can govern the entire country from a single location with a minimal number or elected officials. The smaller structure of a unitary state allows it to meet the needs of the people without involving a massive workforce. Disadvantages of Unitary States Can lack infrastructure: Although they may be able to make decisions quickly, unitary governments sometimes lack the physical infrastructure needed to implement their decisions. In national emergencies, like natural disasters, the absence of infrastructure can endanger the people. Can ignore local needs: Because they can be slow to develop the resources needed to respond to arising situations, unitary governments tend to focus on foreign affairs while keeping domestic needs on the back burner. Can encourage abuse of power:  In unitary states, a single person or legislative body holds most, if not all, governmental power. History has shown that power, when placed in too few hands, is easily abused. Sources .†Unitary Stateâ€Å" The Annenberg Classroom Project..†Constitutional Limits on Government: Country Studies – Franceâ€Å" DemocracyWeb..â€Å".†Overview of the UK system of government Direct.Gov. UK National Archives.